Abstract
The textile industry is a significant source of nonyphenol and their ethoxylates, which are suggested to be responsible for endocrine disruption in wildlife and humans. This study is a comparison of two conventional wastewater treatment processes in a cotton and a synthetic fiber factory in Vietnam, with regard to the distribution and removal of nonyphenol ethoxylates and nonyphenol throughout each process. Diverse trends in the distribution of nonyphenol ethoxylates in wastewater from factories, distinguished by their raw materials, could be revealed. Primary coagulation might not perfectly facilitate nitrification in the secondary activated sludge process regarding pH. Nevertheless, satisfactory removals were achieved during coagulation and activated sludge processes in both systems. The roles of long hydraulic retention times (21 and 16 h, respectively), low organic loadings (0.1 and 0.2 gCOD/gMLVSS.day, respectively), extended solids retention times (61 and 66 days, respectively), and mixed liquor suspended solids of greater than 2000 mg/L have been demonstrated. The findings provide evidence and a better understanding of nonyphenol ethoxylate and nonyphenol removal efficacy as well as influencing factors in Vietnamese textile wastewater treatment. The results are beneficial for the textile industry in Vietnam regarding investment decisions for wastewater treatment.
Highlights
Vietnam is one of the top ten textile exporters in the world
The flowrate of F1 was at about 44% of its full capacity, and F2 was operating at approximately 54% of its full capacity, where the full flowrates were assumed to be equal to 80%
Operating figures of the biological process such as hydraulic retention time (HRT) in the aeration tank and solids retention time (SRT) were achieved from the data of flowrates, aeration volumes, sludge returning scheme, and the analyzed results of mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS), effluent solids concentration, and returning solids concentration
Summary
Vietnam is one of the top ten textile exporters in the world. From 2004 to 2014, the textile industry achieved a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of about 19% per year, increasing its contribution to Vietnam’s GDP by 5% to 15% [1]. Raw materials in the textile industry include natural fibers (cotton, wool, silk), synthetic fibers (nylon, polyester, viscose), and a blend of natural and synthetic materials [3,4]. It is suggested that nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEOs) are still widely used in the textile industry [6] as detergents and auxiliaries in wool scouring, hydrogen peroxide bleaching [7], washing, dyeing, and printing [8,9].
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