Abstract
Rates of pesticide use in Chinese agriculture are five times greater than the global average, leading to high exposure via the diet. Many are neurotoxic, making prenatal pesticide exposure a concern. Previous studies of prenatal exposure in China focused almost entirely on organochlorines. Here the study goals were to characterize the exposure of Chinese newborns to all classes of pesticides and identify predictors of those exposures. Eighty-four pesticides and 12 metabolites were measured in the umbilical cord plasma of 336 infants. Composite variables were created for totals detected overall and by class. Individual pesticides were analyzed as dichotomous or continuous, based on detection rates. Relationships between demographic characteristics and pesticides were evaluated using generalized linear regression. Seventy-five pesticides were detected. The mean number of detects per sample was 15.3. Increased pesticide detects were found in the cord blood of infants born in the summer (β = 2.2, p = 0.01), particularly in July (β = 4.0, p = 0.03). Similar trends were observed for individual insecticide classes. Thus, a summer birth was the strongest predictor of pesticide evidence in cord blood. Associations were more striking for overall pesticide exposure than for individual pesticides, highlighting the importance of considering exposure to mixtures of pesticides, rather than individual agents or classes.
Highlights
IntroductionNearly five million tons of synthetic pesticides are applied agriculturally each year [1,2]
Nearly five million tons of synthetic pesticides are applied agriculturally each year [1,2].China, one of the world’s largest consumers of pesticides [1,2,3], applies over 300,000 tons to food crops annually, more than 2.5- to 5-fold higher than the global average per field unit [4]
The infants had 15 pesticides detected in their cord blood samples, with some having as many as 48
Summary
Nearly five million tons of synthetic pesticides are applied agriculturally each year [1,2]. One of the world’s largest consumers of pesticides [1,2,3], applies over 300,000 tons to food crops annually, more than 2.5- to 5-fold higher than the global average per field unit [4]. Due to prolific pesticide use in agriculture, the most common route of non-occupational exposure to pesticides is via consumption of contaminated food [5]. Additional related exposures may occur via contaminated drinking water and spray drift, especially in rural, farming communities, or from the use of residential pesticides in the home or yard [5].
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