Abstract
Jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica Host; 2n = 4x = 28, CcCcDcDc) is a tetraploid remote relative of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L; 2n=6x=42, AABBDD) with two genomes and 28 chromosomes. The diversity center of this species is in the Fertile Crescent and in central Asia and could also be found in many places in Iran. In this experiment, 359 accessions provided by National Plant Gene Bank of Iran (NPGBI) were used. Based on the geographical distribution, the highest distribution of A. cylindrica is found in North, West and North-West regions of Iran. The data on the distribution of A. cylindrica showed that its distribution centers in Iran are more than those reported in the previous studies. Chromosome counting showed that all A. cylindrica accessions are tetraploid (2n=4x=28). Results of factor analysis for nine morphological chromosome traits showed that karyotypic variation within accessions are related to the length of chromosomes and there is difference between the accessions for their total chromosome length, but the karyotype of different accessions are almost the same for the symmetry. Low coefficient of variation in morphological traits as well as symmetric karyotypes of A. cylindrica species observed in this study could lead us to predict that A. cylindrica could be a recently evolved species among the remote relatives of bread wheat.
Highlights
Jointed goatgrass, originated from two species, is native to the Mediterranean, Middle East, Asia, and was introduced to the Great Plains and the Pacific northwest of the United States (Kimber and Feldman, 1987; van Slageren, 1994)
It has been estimated that the economic cost of A. cylindrica to winter wheat producers in the western United States is $145 million annually (Ogg, 1993)
The D genome chromosomes of A. cylindrica species are more similar to A. tauschii biotypes and Dcr2 genome of hexaploid cytotype of A. crassa Boiss. than D genome of bread wheat (Badaeva et al, 2002; Caldwell et al, 2004). These results indicate that there are different versions of D genomes for both A. cylindrica and T. aestivum L. species
Summary
Jointed goatgrass, originated from two species, is native to the Mediterranean, Middle East, Asia, and was introduced to the Great Plains and the Pacific northwest of the United States (Kimber and Feldman, 1987; van Slageren, 1994). We analyzed chromosomes features of A. cylindrica as well as distribution and morphological characteristics of this species which is widely distributed in Iran. The results showed that this species mostly present in mountain ecosystems and it is not found at low altitude ecosystems such as the margins and the southern coast ecosystems of Caspian Sea. Previous studies indicated that the evolution of bread wheat occurred in high altitudes of Caspian Sea ecosystems (Jaaska, 1981; Nakai, 1978).
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