Abstract
Soil samples from the industrial area in the town of Bužim, Bosnia and Herzegovina were analysed in order to determine their different manganese species. Samples were extracted from seven locations - at the manganese mine and the surrounding area. The paper aims to present the use of the sequential extraction method in determination of the specific distribution of Mn in soil, as well as in estimation of its origin, mobility and bioavailability in the sampling locations. Sequential extraction used here included determination of the amount of Mn in various soil fractions: the water-soluble fraction, exchangeable fraction, carbonate fraction, easily reduced fraction and the organic fraction. Additionally, it included manganese oxides or moderately reduced oxides, amorphous iron oxide, crystalline iron oxide and the residual fraction. It was determined that chemical properties of soil considerably affect the distribution of heavy metals within different soil fractions. The highest percentage of natural Mn was determined in the residual fraction (27.00%) at Popovic polje, while the highest percentage of anthropogenic origin Mn was determined at Bucevci (57.00%) in the Fe-Mn oxides fraction. The highest near-total content of Mn was determined at Popovic polje (20950.00 mg/kg). The highest percentage of natural Mn (27.00%) was determined in the same area. The highest percentage of Mn of an anthropogenic origin (57.00%) was determined at Bucevci.
Highlights
According to the research conducted at the „Bužim“ manganese mine and the surrounding area, the following conclusions can be drawn: According to pH values the soils are moderately acidic to mildly alkaline, being considered as Eutric Cambisols
The results of sequential extraction indicate that chemical soil properties significantly affect Mn distribution in the different soil fractions
The highest percentage of bioavailable Mn was measured at the „Bužim“ manganese mine and in Popović polje, since there are numerous natural and anthropogenic sources of Mn at these areas
Summary
Interest in the geochemical pattern of soil contamination has increased within the last few decades, due to the fact that soils serve as a depot for metals in an environment (wARREN & BIRcH, 1987; LI & THORNTON, 2001; OREŠČANIN et al, 2003; MARTLEY et al, 2004). MAcKLIN (1992) provides a description of soil and sediment contamination by metals as a result of mining activities.An ever-growing number of research papers are directed towards the determination of soil contamination by manganese (PIPER, 1931; BROMFIELD & DAVID, 1987; HAJDAREVIĆ et al, 1988; MARIKA & MARKKU, 2003; RUTTEN & GERT, 2003; ALVAREZ et al, 2006; MARScHNER & RENGEL, 2003; MOSSOP & DAVIDSON, 2003; NADASKA et al, 2009; ROUHOLLAH & FARZANEH, 2010; ZAKIR & SHIKAZONO, 2011).HORSTMAR (1851) conducted an early study investigating the influence of manganese content in soil on manganese content in plants. The total amount of Mn in soils is 200-3000 ppm, where 0.10–1.00% is available to plants In soils it generally originates from MnO2, occurring in different oxides with oxidation states from +2 to +7 (NOGALES et al, 1997; ZHANG et al, 2012). The availability of Mn greatly depends on the oxidation-reduction conditions of soil (PIPER, 1931., DOLAR & KEENEY, 1971; BROMFIELD & DAVID, 1987), being reduced in neutral and alkaline environments, and increasing with acidity as Mn2+ reduces (VUKADINOVIĆ & LONČARIĆ, 1998). According to ZHANG et al (2012) the acidity of soil may cause Mn oxide minerals to dissolve and release a significant amount of Mn ions in soil, increasing the toxicity of soil for many plants
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