Abstract
MS-based proteomic methods were utilised for the first time in the discovery of novel penile cancer biomarkers. MALDI MS imaging was used to obtain the in situ biomolecular MS profile of squamous cell carcinoma of the penis which was then compared to benign epithelial MS profiles. Spectra from cancerous and benign tissue areas were examined to identify MS peaks that best distinguished normal epithelial cells from invasive squamous epithelial cells, providing crucial evidence to suggest S100A4 to be differentially expressed. Verification by immunohistochemistry resulted in positive staining for S100A4 in a sub-population of invasive but not benign epithelial cells.
Highlights
Penile cancer is a rare cancer in developed countries with approximately 500 cases diagnosed each year in the UK [1]
The 10 m slices T1-10 and T2-10 were analysed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation (MALDI) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI), creating ion distribution maps with a lateral resolution of 200 m, whilst the 5-m-thick slices T1-5 and T2-5 were stained using a traditional haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain
In this case study we directly compared ion distribution maps created from two separate penile tissue blocks removed during surgery for penile carcinoma with consecutive H&E-stained slices to investigate the localisation of specific ion signals in areas of different pathology, i.e. tumour regions versus regions of similar cellular origin that show no sign of malignancy
Summary
Penile cancer is a rare cancer in developed countries with approximately 500 cases diagnosed each year in the UK [1]. Premalignant conditions eponymously termed Bowen’s disease, Erythroplasia de Queyrat and Bowenoid papulosis represent carcinoma in situ or penile intra-epithelial neoplasia (PeIN 3). These can develop into invasive SCC if left untreated [2]. The primary eupaopenproteomics 7 ( 2 0 1 5 ) 1–10 treatment for penile cancer has moved to more conservative penile preserving techniques in order to maintain function. These include glansectomy and reconstruction and glans resurfacing procedures which have a good cosmetic and functional outcome compared to radical surgery. Despite a number of potential molecular biomarkers and the development of nomograms, there is as yet no reproducible biomarker available which is a reliable indicator for prognosis and metastatic potential in the primary tumour [8]
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