Abstract
Battery energy storage systems (BESS) have wide applicability for frequency regulation services in power systems, owing to their fast response and flexibility. In this paper, a distributed method for frequency regulation based on the BESS is proposed, where the method includes two layers. The upper layer is a communication network composed of agents, which is used to transmit and process information, whilst the bottom layer comprises the power system with the BESS, which provides a frequency regulation service for the system. Furthermore, a set of fully distributed control laws for the BESS are derived from the proposed distributed method, where economic power dispatch and frequency recovery are simultaneously achieved. Finally, simulations were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The results show that the system frequency regulation and economic power dispatch are achieved after considering the limits of the battery state of charge and communication delays.
Highlights
Frequency stability and control are crucial issues in power systems, which often relate to a power system’s balance between power generation and power demand
Synchronous generators are adopted in primary frequency regulation to produce instantaneous power aimed at balancing the supply and demand of power within tens of seconds, which benefits from the drop characteristic of power-frequency [5]
The main contributions of this paper are as follows: (1) the proposed method is a fully distributed method, where only neighboring information is needed; (2) there is no leader agent or pinning agent in the communication network, which means that each agent plays a similar role in collecting, processing, and transmitting information; and (3) economic power dispatch amongst the battery energy storage systems (BESS) is achieved while regulating the system frequency
Summary
Frequency stability and control are crucial issues in power systems, which often relate to a power system’s balance between power generation and power demand. EVs, which can be viewed as mobile storage systems, have attracted enormous attention in frequency control and regulation [21] These studies focus on two key aspects: (1) stabilizing grid frequency by dispatching the charging or discharging power of EVs [15,16,17], while considering factors such as the state of charge (SOC) of the EV battery, the behavior of the EV owner, and the randomness and intermittency of renewable energy. The main contributions of this paper are as follows: (1) the proposed method is a fully distributed method, where only neighboring information is needed; (2) there is no leader agent or pinning agent in the communication network, which means that each agent plays a similar role in collecting, processing, and transmitting information; and (3) economic power dispatch amongst the BESS is achieved while regulating the system frequency
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