Abstract
With the development of distributed energy resources, the low voltage distribution network (LVDN) is supposed to be the integrator of small distributed energy sources. This makes the users in LVDNs multifarious, which leads to more complex modeling. Additionally, data acquisition could be tricky due to rising privacy concerns. These impose severe demands on control schemes in LVDNs that the classical centralized control might not be able to fulfill. To tackle this, a model-free control approach with distributed decision-making architecture is proposed in this paper. Employing statistical methods and game theory, individual users in LVDNs achieve local optimum autonomously. Comparing to conventional approaches applied in LVDNs, the proposed approach is able to achieve active control with less communication burden and computational resources. The paper proves the convergence to the Nash Equilibrium (NE) and uses player compatible relations to form the specific equilibrium. A variant of the log-linear trial and error learning process is applied in a novel “suggest-convince” mechanism to implement the proposed approach. In the case study, a 103 nodes test network based on a real Belgian semiurban LVDN is illustrated. The proposed approach is validated and analyzed with practical load profiles on the 103 nodes network. In addition to that, centralized control is implemented as a benchmark to show the performance of the proposed approach by comparing it with the classical optimization result. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach is able to achieve player compatible equilibrium in an expected way, resulting in a good approximation to the local optimum.
Highlights
The rising penetration level of distributed energy resources (DER) has become a clear trend in modern distribution networks
The results demonstrate that the proposed approach is able to achieve player compatible equilibrium in an expected way, resulting in a good approximation to the local optimum
The concept “users” in this paper indicates all the households and individual devices connected to low voltage distribution network (LVDN), including small distributed generators, PV, small wind turbines, and so on
Summary
The rising penetration level of distributed energy resources (DER) has become a clear trend in modern distribution networks. As the decision-making process of control is decentralized, information is collected and used locally in a distributed manner This helps the predicament on both communication burden and privacy concerns. Necessary conditions for local optimality [14] Besides these computational approaches, as a study of strategic interaction among rational decision-makers, game theory finds its application in distributed control structure firmly. A control scheme under distributed decision-making architecture is studied and the Nash Equilibrium (NE) is involved to drive users toward local optimality on flexibility management in a given LVDN. The paper is organized as follows: the specific problem is elaborated in Section 2; Section 3 introduces the necessary concepts and illustrates the scheme of the proposed approach; a simulation study based on a practical network and benchmark are presented, and Section 5 concludes the paper The paper is organized as follows: the specific problem is elaborated in Section 2; Section 3 introduces the necessary concepts and illustrates the scheme of the proposed approach; a simulation study based on a practical network and benchmark are presented in Section 4, and Section 5 concludes the paper
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