Distributed non-negative RESCAL with automatic model selection for exascale data

Abstract

With the boom in the development of computer hardware and software, social media, IoT platforms, and communications, there has been exponential growth in the volume of data produced worldwide. Among these data, relational datasets are growing in popularity as they provide unique insights regarding the evolution of communities and their interactions. Relational datasets are naturally non-negative, sparse, and extra-large. Relational data usually contain triples (subject, relation, object) and are represented as graphs/multigraphs, called knowledge graphs, which need to be embedded into a low-dimensional dense vector space. Among various embedding models, RESCAL allows the learning of relational data to extract the posterior distributions over the latent variables and to make predictions of missing relations. However, RESCAL is computationally demanding and requires a fast and distributed implementation to analyze extra-large real-world datasets. Here we introduce a distributed non-negative RESCAL algorithm for heterogeneous CPU/GPU architectures with automatic selection of the number of latent communities (model selection), called pyDRESCALk. We demonstrate the correctness of pyDRESCALk with real-world and large synthetic tensors and the efficacy showing near-linear scaling that concurs with the theoretical complexities. Finally, pyDRESCALk determines the number of latent communities in an 11-terabyte dense and 9-exabyte sparse synthetic tensor.