Abstract
We propose a distributed model of nestmate recognition, analogous to the one used by the vertebrate immune system, in which colony response results from the diverse reactions of many ants. The model describes how individual behaviour produces colony response to non-nestmates. No single ant knows the odour identity of the colony. Instead, colony identity is defined collectively by all the ants in the colony. Each ant responds to the odour of other ants by reference to its own unique decision boundary, which is a result of its experience of encounters with other ants. Each ant thus recognizes a particular set of chemical profiles as being those of non-nestmates. This model predicts, as experimental results have shown, that the outcome of behavioural assays is likely to be variable, that it depends on the number of ants tested, that response to non-nestmates changes over time and that it changes in response to the experience of individual ants. A distributed system allows a colony to identify non-nestmates without requiring that all individuals have the same complete information and helps to facilitate the tracking of changes in cuticular hydrocarbon profiles, because only a subset of ants must respond to provide an adequate response.
Highlights
Distributed processes are widespread in nature as well as in engineered data networks [1]
The model for nestmate recognition presented here is based on a process in which individuals recognize non-nestmates based on previous experience, with the consequence that individuals within a colony differ in recognition response
We describe the relation among chemical profiles as in [38] with reference to cuticular hydrocarbon or CHC-space, an n-dimensional Euclidean vector space in which each coordinate axis represents the
Summary
Distributed processes are widespread in nature as well as in engineered data networks [1]. Methods for data privacy and computer security [5,6,7], like the immune system [8], rely on fragmenting and distributing sensitive information among a set of agents so that each one holds only a piece of the puzzle Their collective characteristics confer adequate coverage for the host organism; together they define what is acceptable by individually specifying what is not. The model for nestmate recognition presented here is based on a process in which individuals recognize non-nestmates based on previous experience, with the consequence that individuals within a colony differ in recognition response. We consider how nestmate recognition can emerge from the distribution of various learned odours among ants within a colony
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