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Abstract
This paper presents a user-friendly design method for accurately sizing the distributed energy resources of a stand-alone microgrid to meet the critical load demands of a military, commercial, industrial, or residential facility when utility power is not available. The microgrid combines renewable resources such as photovoltaics (PV) with an energy-storage system to increase energy security for facilities with critical loads. The design method’s novelty complies with IEEE Standards 1562 and 1013, and addresses resilience, which is not taken into account in existing design methods. Several case studies simulated with a physics-based model validate the proposed design method and demonstrate how resilience can be included in the design process. Additionally, the design and the simulations were validated by 24 h laboratory experiments conducted on a microgrid assembled using commercial off-the-shelf components.
Highlights
While high-level guidance exists related to how long a load that is critical to mission success must continue to be powered after the start of a grid outage [7], there is a gap in providing sufficient direction and tools to properly size a stand-alone microgrid for events of specific concern to the Department of Defence (DOD) [8]
This paper proposes a design methodology that follows the guidelines in IEEE Standards 1562 [10] and 1013 [11] to size the combination of a renewable-energy source, such as a photovoltaic (PV) array, and energy storage to develop a microgrid
This paper presented a novel methodology and design software to size distributed energy resources (DERs) for resilient stand-alone back-up microgrids
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Diesel generators are not sufficient to ensure the resilience of a critical facility because the diesel-fuel supply may not be guaranteed for the time, for instance, during which critical loads must be powered. While high-level guidance exists related to how long a load that is critical to mission success must continue to be powered after the start of a grid outage (between 7 and 14 days depending on military service branch guidance) [7], there is a gap in providing sufficient direction and tools to properly size a stand-alone microgrid for events of specific concern to the DOD [8]. The microgrid is explicitly a secondary or redundant microgrid that has the goals of (1) improving the resilience of a critical facility, and (2) boosting energy security to allow for full-time mission support when the utility grid is down and fuel delivery is interrupted
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