Distress Trajectories in Black and White Breast Cancer Survivors: From Diagnosis to Survivorship

Abstract

BackgroundBlack breast cancer survivors have greater morbidity and mortality than White survivors. However, evidence comparing Black survivors’ psychological symptoms with their White counterparts has been mixed. Prior studies have not compared Black and White survivor’s distress-related symptom trajectories from pre- to post-treatment – the goal of the current study. MethodsAt three annual visits from shortly after diagnosis to 6 and 18 months post-treatment, 195 women (n = 163 White; n = 32 Black) reported their cancer-related distress (intrusive thoughts and avoidance), perceived stress, anxiety and depressive symptoms, fatigue, and pain. ResultsAdjusting for age, educational attainment, income, treatment type, stage at diagnosis, and physical comorbidities, Black and White breast cancer survivors had different trajectories of cancer-related distress (p = .004), intrusive thoughts about cancer diagnosis and treatment (p = .002), perceived stress (p = .04), emotional fatigue (p = .01), and vigor (p = .02). Specifically, among White women, these distress-related symptoms improved from diagnosis to 6 months post-treatment (ps < 0.0001) and then remained stable between 6 and 18 months post-treatment, whereas Black women had persistently elevated distress – even 18 months after finishing treatment. Additionally, Black women reported more avoidance of cancer-related thoughts and emotions across visits (p = .047). Race was unrelated to the trajectories of anxiety and depressive symptoms, other fatigue subscales, or pain levels (ps > 0.08). ConclusionLongitudinal assessment of the same breast cancer survivors from diagnosis to early survivorship revealed that Black and White survivors had divergent trajectories of psychological distress symptoms that were not reliably evident at a single timepoint. Overall, White women reported less psychological distress from pre- to post-treatment, but Black women’s distress remained high from diagnosis to 18 months post-treatment. If left untreated, Black women’s high distress levels may contribute to their poorer health throughout survivorship.