Abstract
1. Kh12 steel (without upsetting and elongation in forging) has the highest anisotropy of distortion after final heat treatment. The anisotropy of the distortion of Kh12M samples is 30–50% that of Kh12 samples, and that of Kh6VF samples is 20–25%. 2. Forging with upsetting and elongation reduces the anisotropy of distortion of Kh12 steel by half, but this is still double that of Kh6VF steel. 3. Forging with upsetting and elongation improves the mechanical properties of Kh12M steel but has little effect on the value or anisotropy of distortion after final heat treatment. 4. Forging with upsetting and elongation of Kh6VF steel has almost no effect on the magnitude or anisotropy of distortion after final heat treatment. 5. The magnitude and anisotropy of distortion in heat treatment of Kh12-type steels depend little on the distribution or type of carbides. The distortion of these steels depends mainly on the amount of carbides. Therefore, steels with a low concentration of carbides (Kh6VF, etc.) should be used for punching dies.
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