Distinguishable musical dynamics

Abstract

Loudness changes, which composers specify by musical dynamics pp, p, mp, mf, f, and ff, make music exciting. The goal of this study is a usable and rational specification of an “acceptable” dynamic range for musicians. Requiring that a note at one dynamic level be at least s dB more intense than nearby notes at the next‐lower dynamic level leads to a minimum solo‐instrument per‐note dynamic range (k−1) (d+s), where k is the number of dynamic levels and d is the maximum intensity difference between nearby notes at “constant” dynamic level. For six dynamic levels and the bassoon, for which d is about 5 dB, a 1‐dB spacing s between dynamic levels gives a minimum dynamic range of 30 dB [“Musical Dynamics,” Sci. Am. 231 (5), 78–95 (November 1974)]. Some related results published by others over the past 14 years are briefly noted. Professional performances having different dynamic ranges are exhibited. A live demonstration of distinguishable dynamics on the bassoon is presented. Much remains to be studied in this rich field, for example, (1) dependence of d on instrument and dynamic level; (2) dependence of (listener‐perceived) loudness on musical factors other than intensity, such as pitch, timbre, note duration, and transients; (3) dynamic complexities of ensemble performance: solo levels, heterogeneous ensemble, “chorus” effects, ensemble with soloist, etc.; (4) dependence of musical dynamics on music type, performance environment, and performance objective.