Distinctions and Theoretical Approaches Regarding Erotic, Sexual, and Bodily Capital in Social Mobility

Abstract

The article explores the concepts of erotic, sexual, and bodily capital, examining their role in social mobility and how they are shaped by historical, sociological contexts, and media representations. The concept of erotic capital (Catherine Hakim) combines attributes such as beauty, sexual attractiveness, social grace, and sexuality, functioning similarly to other forms of capital theorized by Bourdieu. In contrast, sexual capital focuses more closely on sexual desirability, while bodily capital includes general physical attributes such as vitality and physical fitness. These forms of capital are socially constructed and vary depending on historical and cultural contexts. The article analyzes the historical evolution of erotic and bodily capital, from the values of ancient societies that linked beauty to moral virtue to the norms of the Renaissance and industrialization that transformed perceptions of the body and attractiveness. In the modern era, media and the digital revolution have amplified these dynamics, promoting and commercializing visual standards of beauty. The article also explores how erotic capital influences social mobility and labor market outcomes, especially for women. The specialized literature indicates that physical attractiveness can create economic opportunities but also challenges such as jealousy or intrasexual competition. However, the idea that sexual desirability automatically leads to power and social status is criticized for oversimplifying socio-economic complexities. Finally, the article emphasizes the role of social networks and media platforms on body image and sexual attractiveness, both through promoting body positivity and perpetuating conventional beauty ideals. The article highlights that perceptions of erotic, sexual, and bodily capital are profoundly influenced by cultural, historical, and mediated factors, making these concepts dynamic and complex. In this context, the evaluation of sexual and bodily capital in contemporary society is closely linked to the intersectionality of personal identities (Kimberlé Crenshaw). This theory shows how different aspects of a person’s identity, such as race, gender, social class, and sexual orientation, intersect to influence individual experiences, including privileges and oppressions. Intersectionality reveals how certain identities are favored while others are marginalized. Eurocentric beauty standards and discrimination against the LGBTQ+ community are examples of how certain groups are disadvantaged. Additionally, societal structures and media representations perpetuate these inequalities, although some recent movements aim to promote more inclusive representations. In the following sections, according to the analyzed specialized literature, the main distinctions between the three forms of capital, which may seem synonymous but in essence, have differences, will be presented.