Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate cerebral cortex activation during active movement and passive movement by using a functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Tasks were the flexion/extension of the right hand finger by active movement and passive movement. Oxy-hemoglobin concentration changes calculated from fNIRS and analyzed the activation and connectivity so as to understand dynamical brain relationship. The results demonstrated that the brain activation in passive movements is similar to motor execution. During active movement, the estimated causality patterns showed significant causality value from the supplementary motor area (SMA) to the primary motor cortex (M1). During the passive movement, the causality from the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) to the primary motor cortex (M1) was stronger than active movement. These results demonstrated that active and passive movements had a direct effect on the cerebral cortex but the stimulus pathway of active and passive movement is different. This study may contribute to better understanding how active and passive movements can be expressed into cortical activation by means of fNIRS.
Highlights
The role of rehabilitation for brain-injured patients is to enable them to perform as much as possible exercise in their daily lives and to reacquire normal motor function [1]
A functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) study investigated the cortical activation pattern for grasping when imagery, motor execution, action observation and passive movement by a functional electrical stimulation and the results demonstrated the considerable differences between these modes [11]
Granger causality analysis was applied to fNIRS data to evaluate effective connectivity among the ROIs
Summary
The role of rehabilitation for brain-injured patients is to enable them to perform as much as possible exercise in their daily lives and to reacquire normal motor function [1]. Human motor activity can be divided into active and passive movement components Active movements are those movements made voluntarily via the planning/execution of exercise accompanied by perceptual processing of sensory and proprioceptive information. On the other hand, includes movements generated by external forces and involves only sensory systems [5, 6] Such exercises are the most commonly used methods of physical therapy for brain injured patients and many studies has proven its effectiveness. Passive movement such as functional electrical stimulation (FES) has been suggested to manipulate external stimuli in order to facilitate motor functions as well as motor execution [7, 8]. FES have been widely used to aid in improving or assisting the functional activities of patients after brain injuries such as post-stroke [9]
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