Abstract
BackgroundGrapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is an economically important crop with a wide geographical distribution, reflecting its ability to grow successfully in a range of climates. However, many vineyards are located in regions with seasonal drought, and these are often predicted to be global climate change hotspots. Climate change affects the entire physiology of grapevine, with strong effects on yield, wine quality and typicity, making it difficult to produce berries of optimal enological quality and consistent stability over the forthcoming decades.ResultsHere we investigated the reactions of two grapevine cultivars to water stress, the isohydric variety Montepulciano and the anisohydric variety Sangiovese, by examining physiological and molecular perturbations in the leaf and berry. A multidisciplinary approach was used to characterize the distinct stomatal behavior of the two cultivars and its impact on leaf and berry gene expression. Positive associations were found among the photosynthetic, physiological and transcriptional modifications, and candidate genes encoding master regulators of the water stress response were identified using an integrated approach based on the analysis of topological co-expression network properties. In particular, the genome-wide transcriptional study indicated that the isohydric behavior relies upon the following responses: i) faster transcriptome response after stress imposition; ii) faster abscisic acid-related gene modulation; iii) more rapid expression of heat shock protein (HSP) genes and iv) reversion of gene-expression profile at rewatering. Conversely, that reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging enzymes, molecular chaperones and abiotic stress-related genes were induced earlier and more strongly in the anisohydric cultivar.ConclusionsOverall, the present work found original evidence of a molecular basis for the proposed classification between isohydric and anisohydric grapevine genotypes.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3136-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Highlights
Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is an economically important crop with a wide geographical distribution, reflecting its ability to grow successfully in a range of climates
Grapevine cultivars demonstrate a range of responses between perfectly isohydric and anisohydric behaviors, and the two strategies can occur within the same cultivar depending on the environmental conditions
water stress (WS) imposition and sampling strategy Montepulciano and Sangiovese potted vines were subjected to a water deficit at 40 % of maximum water availability from fruit-set to veraison and were fully re-watered (Fig. 1a and c)
Summary
Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is an economically important crop with a wide geographical distribution, reflecting its ability to grow successfully in a range of climates. Climate change affects the entire physiology of grapevine, with strong effects on yield, wine quality and typicity, making it difficult to produce berries of optimal enological quality and consistent stability over the forthcoming decades. Many geographical areas traditionally devoted to viticulture are severely affected by drought and freshwater limitations due to global climate. Based on stomatal kinetics under WS conditions, isohydric cultivars prevent major drops in Ψleaf by early stomatal closure whereas anisohydric cultivars maximize photosynthetic gain by keeping the stomata open despite significant decreases in Ψleaf [8]. Grapevine cultivars demonstrate a range of responses between perfectly isohydric and anisohydric behaviors, and the two strategies can occur within the same cultivar depending on the environmental conditions. ABA acts in concert with other hormones to ensure a rapid and targeted response which is tightly regulated by a complex network of signaling pathways [18, 19]
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