Distinct Functions of the Fc∊R1 γ and β Subunits in the Control of Fc∊R1-mediated Tyrosine Kinase Activation and Signaling Responses in RBL-2H3 Mast Cells

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In RBL-2H3 rat tumor mast cells, cross-linking the high affinity IgE receptor, Fc epsilon R1, activates the protein-tyrosine kinases Lyn and Syk and initiates a series of responses including protein-tyrosine phosphorylation, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate synthesis, Ca2+ mobilization, secretion, membrane ruffling, and actin plaque assembly. The development of chimeric receptors containing cytoplasmic domains of individual subunits of the heterotrimeric (alpha beta gamma 2) Fc epsilon R1 has simplified analyses of early signaling events in RBL-2H3 cells. Here, RBL-2H3 cells were transfected with cDNAs encoding the extracellular and transmembrane domains of the interleukin-2 receptor alpha subunit (the Tac antigen) joined to the C-terminal cytoplasmic domains of the Fc epsilon R1 gamma and beta subunits (TT gamma and TT beta). Both sequences contain tyrosine activation motifs implicated in antigen receptor signal transduction. TT gamma and TT beta are expressed independently of the native Fc epsilon R1, as demonstrated by the ability of Tac cross-linking agents to trigger the clustering and internalization through coated pits of both chimeric receptors without co-clustering the Fc epsilon R1. A full range of signaling activities is induced by TT gamma cross-linking; the TT gamma-induced responses are slower and, except for Lyn activation, smaller than the Fc epsilon R1-induced responses. In striking contrast, TT beta cross-linking elicits no tyrosine phosphorylation or signaling responses, it impairs basal activities measured in secretion and anti-PY (anti-phosphotyrosine antibody) immune complex kinase assays, and it antagonizes Fc epsilon R1-induced Lyn and Syk activation, protein-tyrosine phosphorylation, and signaling responses. We hypothesize that the isolated beta subunit binds a specific kinase or coupling protein(s) required for signaling activity, sequestering it from the signal-transducing gamma subunit. Binding the same kinase or coupling protein to the beta subunit of the intact Fc epsilon R1 may serve instead to present it to the adjacent gamma subunit, resulting in enhanced kinase activation and signaling responses.