Abstract
The objective of this work was to evaluate the chemical composition of essential oil from Varronia curassavica Jacq. obtained by microwave (MI) and hydrodistillation (HD) extraction methods. The MI method tested three powers (500, 600, and 700W), three distillation times (20, 30, and 40 min.), and three water volumes (0, 25, and 50 mL per sample). The HD method tested three distillation times (100, 120, and 140 min.) and three water volumes (1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 L per 3-liter flask). The essential oils were analyzed by GC/MS-FID. The optimal condition for the essential oil extraction by the MI method was 700W for 40 min. (3.28%), regardless of the volume of water. In its turn, the best condition for essential oil extraction by the HD method was 120 min. with 1.0 L of water per flask (3.34%). The most abundant compounds for MI (700 W for 40 min. without water) were shyobunol (26.53%) and bicyclogermacrene (4.96%); and the most abundant compounds for HD (120 min. with 1.0 L of water/flask) were shyobunol (24.00%) and germacrene D-4-ol (10.23%). Methyl farnesoate (2E, 6E) and farnesyl acetate (2Z, 6E) were not detected in the essential oil extracted by HD; however, they were identified by the MI method. By increasing the distillation time and/or volume of water in HD, a reduction was observed for the content of the chemical compounds -elemene (from 1.23 to 0.97%), Ecaryophyllene (from 5.49 to 4.35%), -humulene (from 1.80 to 1.43%), alloaromadendrene (from 1.78 to 1.44%), bicyclogermacrene (from 5.63 to 4.55%), and germacrene D-4-ol (from 11.40 to 9.86%). Power, extraction time, and their interactions influenced the content of essential oil obtained by microwave extraction (MI). Within each power, the highest essential oil content was extracted at the longest distillation time (40 min.), except for 600W, where no significant difference was detected between 30 and 40 min. The optimal essential oil contents for both extraction methods were statically similar by the t-test for dependent samples. However, the MI method presents advantages, such as shorter distillation time and less energy and water consumption.
Highlights
The medicinal and aromatic plant Varronia curassavica Jacq
Leaves were harvested from plants of Varronia curassavica Jacq., maintained at the Active Germplasm Bank (AGB) of aromatic plants of the Federal University of Sergipe, located at the Research Farm "Campus Rural da UFS"
The increase in the distillation time and/or volume of water reduced the content of the chemical compounds β-elemene, E-caryophyllene, αhumulene, alloaromadendrene, bicyclogermacrene, and germacrene D-4-ol (Table 1)
Summary
The medicinal and aromatic plant Varronia curassavica Jacq. (syn. Cordia verbenacea DC.), known as “erva-baleeira” in Brazil, belongs to the family Cordiaceae (GASPARINO; BARROS, 2009) and is largely distributed in Brazil. Several properties of the species, such as anti-inflammatory, antiucer, antiallergic, antitumor, and antioxidant are mainly attributed to the compounds α-humulene and E-caryophyllene, present in its essential oil (FERNANDES et al, 2007; PASSOS et al, 2007; MEDEIROS et al, 2007; ROGÉRIO et al, 2009; OLIVEIRA et al, 2011; MICHIELIN et al, 2011; PARISSOTO et al, 2012; PIMENTEL et al, 2012) Other biological activities, such as antibacterial (MECCIA et al, 2009; MATIAS et al, 2010; PINHO et al, 2012; RODRIGUES et al, 2012) and antifungal activities (SILVA et al, 2012; HOYOS et al, 2012; SILVA et al, 2014) were reported in studies involving the essential oil of V. curassavica. The improper extraction process can result in changes in the chemical composition of the essential oil, leading to the loss of its bioactivity and natural
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