Abstract
We report for the first time a distance-based paper device based on gold/silver core shell nanoparticles (Au@Ag NPs) for a simple, inexpensive, instrument-free, and portable determination of cyanide by the naked eye. Au@Ag NPs immobilized on a paper channel were etched by cyanide ions so that a yellow color band length of Au@Ag NPs is proportional to a decrease in the cyanide concentration. Quantification is achieved by measuring color length, thus eliminating the need to differentiate hues and intensities by the user, and the processing data of each imaging device. Moreover, the paper-based headspace extraction was combined with the distance-based paper device to improve the sensitivity. The enrichment factor was found to be 30-fold and the linearity was found in the range 0.05–1 mg L−1. The naked eye detection limit was 10 μg L−1 where the World Health Organization (WHO) have regulated the maximum level of cyanide in drinking water as 70 μg L−1. Our proposed device also showed no interference from common cations and anions presenting in seawater and waste water including thiocyanate, chloride. Finally, our device has been successfully applied to determine cyanide ions in seawater, drinking water, tap water and wastewater providing satisfactory precision and accuracy.
Highlights
Cyanide is a highly poisonous compound commonly used in industries such as gold mining, electroplating, burning of municipal waste and pesticides that can be released in the environment.The most toxic form of cyanide is free cyanide including cyanide ion and hydrogen cyanide (HCN).The cyanide remains in solution as ions at pH > 11, while the cyanide will exist as HCN at more acidic than pH 5 [1]
We developed distance-based paper device for the cyanide quantitative analysis by naked eye
All chemicals used in experiment were analytical reagent (AR grade)
Summary
Cyanide is a highly poisonous compound commonly used in industries such as gold mining, electroplating, burning of municipal waste and pesticides that can be released in the environment. Et al [13] reported Ag@Au core shell nanoparticles for the detection of cyanide with limit of detection (LOD) as 4.2 μg L−1 and the cyanide level can be semi-quantitatively detected by the naked eye. The recoveries of cyanide in spiked seawater was lower than 80% because they lack the interference study of some anions presenting in seawater such as chloride To overcome their limitations, we developed distance-based paper device for the cyanide quantitative analysis by naked eye. A distance-based paper device coupled with headspace extraction was developed for the naked-eye detection of cyanide by using the etching reaction of Au@Ag core shell nanoparticles. Our device has been successfully applied to determine cyanide ions in real water samples providing satisfactory precision and accuracy
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