Abstract

Abstract Embryos of steelhead trout, Salmo gairdneri gairdneri Richardson, and chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum), were reared from fertilization of the eggs to hatching at different constant oxygen concentrations and water velocities. For this purpose, an apparatus was developed that makes it possible to control oxygen concentration independently of water velocity, which was maintained at levels ranging from 6 to 1,350 centimeters per hour. Measurements of the embryos and hatched fry indicate that water velocities must be high enough not only to transport enough oxygen to the redd for supplying the total requirement of all embryos, but also to deliver sufficient oxygen to the surface of the chorion enveloping the individual embryo. Steelhead embryos held at 9.5° C. and chinook salmon embryos held at 11° C. all died at an oxygen concentration of 1.6 mg/1. Survival of large percentages of embryos reared at concentration as low as 2.5 mg/1 was apparently made possible by reduction of respira...

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