Dissipation in ferrofluids: Mesoscopic versus hydrodynamic theory

Abstract

Part of the field dependent dissipation in ferrofluids occurs due to the rotational motion of the ferromagnetic grains relative to the viscous flow of the carrier fluid. The classical theoretical description due to Shliomis (Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 61, 2411 (1971) [Sov. Phy JETP 34, 1291 (1972)]) uses a mesoscopic treatment of the particle motion to derive a relaxation equation for the nonequilibrium part of the magnetization. Complementary, the hydrodynamic approach of Liu [Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 3580 (1993)] involves only macroscopic quantities and results in dissipative Maxwell equations for the magnetic fields in the ferrofluid. Different stress tensors and constitutive equations lead to deviating theoretical predictions in those situations, where the magnetic relaxation processes cannot be considered instantaneous on the hydrodynamic time scale. We quantify these differences for two situations of experimental relevance, namely, a resting fluid in an oscillating oblique field and the damping of parametrically excited surface waves. The possibilities of an experimental differentiation between the two theoretical approaches is discussed.