Abstract
The study of the intestinal sulfate-reducing bacteria, the process of dissimilatory sulfate reduction and accumulation of hydrogen sulfide, as well as their role in the inflammatory bowel diseases, including ulcerative colitis, in animals and human have increasingly attracted the attention of scientists. New opportunities for studying inflammatory bowel disease and the assessment of the effectiveness of its treatment is an urgent problem of modern biology and medicine. In this review, brief characteristics of these bacteria and their mechanism of dissimilatory sulfate reduction were described based on modern literature data and own research. The characteristics of substrates for intestinal sulfate-reducing bacteria and the thermodynamic properties of their electron donors were also described. Special attention was paid to the mechanism and stages of sulfate dissimilation including role of enzymes involved in this process. Based on our results, general scheme of dissimilatory sulfate reduction showing the activity of each enzyme of the process was demonstrated. The described physiological and biochemical parameters are important for a more detailed understanding of sulfate dissimilation in the human and animal bowel, as well as studying the mechanisms of action of the antimicrobial prophylactics and the therapy against specific components involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. It is also essential for understanding the mechanisms of bowel diseases and for evaluating the effectiveness of its therapy.
Highlights
Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) are common in anaerobic areas of soils, wetlands, fresh and marine waters, and available in the microbiocenosis of large intestine of humans and animals [1, 63]
After injecting the Desulfovibrio genus in biofilm, the changes of biofilm’s metabolism were observed, including the formation of carbon dioxide, a significantly decreased total content of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and acetate accumulation which are typical for the SRB activity
Howe ver, it has been shown that when D. vulgaris have genetic disorders of the mechanisms of thiosulfate reduction, it does not affect the ability of these bacteria to grow in the medium with sulfate and molecular hydrogen
Summary
Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) are common in anaerobic areas of soils, wetlands, fresh and marine waters, and available in the microbiocenosis of large intestine of humans and animals [1, 63]. Among genera of SRB, the species of the Desulfovibrio genus in human and animal diseases are the most often isolated (Fig. 1) These bacteria are isolated in the mono- and polymicrobial infections of the gastrointestinal tract [6, 20, 48, 51, 52, 55, 63]. The high concentration of sulfate in marine and fresh waters as well as in human and animal intestine is creating favorable conditions for the SRB growth [5] Under these conditions, sulfide formed in the SRB, is oxidized to sulfate by the chemolithotrophic or photolithotrophic bacteria, which are providing constant level of sulfate in the natural environments [63]. In the chemolithoheterotrophic or chemolithoautotrophic conditions, the bacterial nutrition is provided by the oxidation of mainly hydrogen [90]
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