Abstract

The abnormal decline in the number of U.S. public firms is often blamed on merger activity, private equity investments, and stock market regulations. We compare the effects of these channels in a unified framework. In the U.S., an extra 100 mergers is associated with 22.01 additional missing public firms, whereas an extra 100 PE deals is associated with 3.62 fewer missing public firms. Regulatory changes contribute to the decline of U.S. listings too. We also specify the types of deals that most strongly affect listings. Finally, we document that similar listing gaps emerge in other developed economies.

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