Abstract
Minipigs have remarkably similar physiology to humans, therefore, they it can be a good animal model for inflammation study. Thus, the conventional (serum chemistry, histopathology) and novel analytic tools [immune cell identification in tissue, cytokine level in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and serum, NF-kB target gene analysis in tissue] were applied to determine inflammation in Chicago Miniature Swine (CMS) minipig. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute systemic inflammation caused liver and kidney damage in serum chemistry and histopathology. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) also showed an increase of immune cell distribution in spleen and lung during inflammation. Moreover, NF-kB-target gene expression was upregulated in lung and kidney in acute inflammation and in heart, liver, and intestine in chronic inflammation. Cytokine mRNA was elevated in PBMC under acute inflammation along with elevated absolute cytokine levels in serum. Overall, LPS-mediated systemic inflammation affects the various organs, and can be detected by IHC of immune cells, gene analysis in PBMC, and measuring the absolute cytokine in serum along with conventional inflammation analytic tools.
Highlights
Inflammation is a well-organized response of immune cells and biomolecules
To develop the systemic inflammatory minipig model, seven doses of 5 μg/kg LPS were administrated for chronic inflammation, and one dose of 25 μg/kg LPS was administrated for acute inflammation (Fig 1A)
These results show that LPS-induced systemic acute inflammation injures the kidney and liver, which is diagnosed by serum chemistry and histopathology
Summary
When the body undergoes inflammation, it initiates eicosanoids, chemokines, and cytokines released by resident macrophages or mast cells, and recruits neutrophils and lymphocytes. These combined responses induce typical inflammatory symptoms and pathophysiological conditions. Inflammation is classified as either acute or chronic based on duration or cause. Acute inflammation is rapid response initiated by infection or tissue damage which follows abnormal vascular permeability, blood flow, and nerve fiber sensitization [1]. Chronic inflammation is long-term response caused by repeated tissue injury and recovery [2] is closely linked with a number of diseases (ischemic disease, atherosclerosis, stroke, cancer, diabetes mellitus, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease) [3]
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