Disruption of the ABC transporter genes PDR5, YOR1, and SNQ2, and their participation in improved fermentative activity of a sake yeast mutant showing pleiotropic drug resistance

Abstract

Clotrimazole-resistant mutants from sake yeasts show improved fermentative activity in sake mash and pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR). The PDR mechanism is interpreted by overexpression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, which extrude various kinds of drugs out of a cell. In a clotrimazole-resistant mutant, CTZ21, isolated from the haploid sake yeast HL69, the levels of mRNA for three major ABC transporter genes, PDR5, SNQ2, and YOR1, markedly increased. These three genes of CTZ21 were disrupted to investigate which participated in the improved fermentative activity of CTZ21. The fermentative activities of Δ pdr5 and Δ snq2 strains of CTZ21 were reduced to that of HL69 in the initial and middle stages of fermentation. In the last stage, however, the sake meter [(1/gravity-1) × 1443] of the Δ pdr5 and Δ snq2 strains rose faster than that of HL69. On the other hand, a Δ yor1 strain of CTZ21 fermented sake mash in a manner nearly identical to that of CTZ21 until the last stage of fermentation. But in the last stage, fermentation of the Δ yor1 slowed down compared with that of CTZ21. A Δ yor1 strain of HL69 also exhibited much reduced fermentative activity in the middle and last fermentation stages. The YOR1 gene seems necessary for sake fermentation to be completed efficiently. The ATP content in sake mash brewed with CTZ21 was drastically decreased throughout the whole fermentation period. This low ATP level was restored to a medium level in the cases of both the Δ pdr5 and Δ snq2 strains of CTZ21. In contrast, the Δ yor1 of CTZ21 exhibited a low ATP level in sake mash in the same manner as CTZ21. These results suggest that the low ATP level of CTZ21 contributes to a certain extent its improved fermentative activity in the initial and middle stages of sake fermentation.