Abstract
The fast detection of trace amounts of hazardous contaminations can prevent serious damage to the environment. Paper-based sensors offer a new perspective on the world of analytical methods, overcoming previous limitations by fabricating a simple device with valuable benefits such as flexibility, biocompatibility, disposability, biodegradability, easy operation, large surface-to-volume ratio, and cost-effectiveness. Depending on the performance type, the device can be used to analyze the analyte in the liquid or vapor phase. For liquid samples, various structures (including a dipstick, as well as microfluidic and lateral flow) have been constructed. Paper-based 3D sensors are prepared by gluing and folding different layers of a piece of paper, being more user-friendly, due to the combination of several preparation methods, the integration of different sensor elements, and the connection between two methods of detection in a small set. Paper sensors can be used in chromatographic, electrochemical, and colorimetric processes, depending on the type of transducer. Additionally, in recent years, the applicability of these sensors has been investigated in various applications, such as food and water quality, environmental monitoring, disease diagnosis, and medical sciences. Here, we review the development (from 2010 to 2021) of paper methods in the field of the detection and determination of toxic substances.
Highlights
One of the major challenges in developed countries is the uncontrolled spread of hazardous contaminations, due to the activity of industrial centers or microorganisms
We review the studies carried out on the development of paper biosensors in the detection of mycotoxins, organophosphates, bacteria, and metal ions
Low cost, easy fabrication, ease of use, and reliable performance, paper-based POCT (PPOCT) have been welcomed by a large number of research groups
Summary
One of the major challenges in developed countries is the uncontrolled spread of hazardous contaminations, due to the activity of industrial centers or microorganisms They can be classified by source (plant, animal, mineral, or chemical agents), nature (metal, toxin, microorganism, or organic compound), and their uses (insecticides, food additives, or fungicides). Depending on the toxicity degree and contamination exposure duration, the toxic substances can result in different influences on human health. These influences may be temporary, leading to headaches, nausea, lung failure (due to the inhalation of volatile gases), blood poisoning, liver and kidney failure, and even cardiovascular failure [3]. Some compounds (e.g., aflatoxins and organophosphates or some metals, such as lead and cadmium) may remain in the body for a long time and their excretion process may be prolonged, leading to nervous system dysfunction [7]
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