Abstract

The monitoring of food quality and safety requires a suitable analytical method with simultaneous detection in order to control pesticide and herbicide residues. In this study, a novel analytical method, referred to as “dispersive solid–liquid extraction”, was applied to monitor seven sulfonylurea herbicides in strawberries. This method was optimized in terms of the amount of C18 and the volume of added water, and it was validated through satisfactory linearities (R2 > 0.99), recoveries of 70% to 84% with acceptable precisions, and limits of quantification lower than the maximum residue limits for the seven sulfonylurea herbicides in strawberries. The cleanup efficiency of the dispersive solid–liquid extraction technique was compared to that of the QuEChERS- (“quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe”) based method with dispersive solid phase extraction. The recoveries of the former were found to be comparable to those involving QuEChERS C18 cleanup (recoveries of 74%–87%). The method was used to determine sulfonylurea herbicide residues in ten strawberry samples. None of the samples had herbicide residues higher than that of limit of quantifications (LOQs) or maximum residue limits (MRLs). The results suggest that the dispersive solid–liquid extraction method combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is effective for the analysis of sulfonylurea herbicide residues in strawberries.

Highlights

  • With ever-tightening regulations that govern the maximum residue limits (MRLs) of pesticides and herbicides in foods, issues associated with their residues and food safety have received significant attention

  • The European Union (EU) [4] and Korea [5] have set MRLs for most sulfonylurea herbicide residues in strawberries at 0.01 mg/kg; MRLs have not been set for all sulfonylurea herbicides

  • We demonstrated that an optimized Dispersive solid–liquid extraction (d-SLE) cleanup procedure in combination with LC-MS/MS

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Summary

Introduction

With ever-tightening regulations that govern the maximum residue limits (MRLs) of pesticides and herbicides in foods, issues associated with their residues and food safety have received significant attention. Multi-residue analysis techniques are widely used to monitor food quality and safety [1]. While the multi-residue analysis of pesticides is capable of determining trace components in food matrices, it requires effective sample preparation, including extraction and cleanup steps, in order to eliminate interference (pigments, lipids, etc.) present in real samples [2,3]. The fact that pesticide multi-residues are associated with a broad spectrum of chemical and physical properties, provides challenges that require suitable extraction and cleanup procedures in order to detect these analytes with satisfactory accuracies. The European Union (EU) [4] and Korea [5] have set MRLs for most sulfonylurea herbicide residues in strawberries at 0.01 mg/kg; MRLs have not been set for all sulfonylurea herbicides

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