Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction using a surfactant as disperser agent

Abstract

A novel and efficient surfactant-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detection was developed for the determination of phenylurea herbicides in water samples. Based on this procedure, which is a dispersive-solvent-free technique, the extractant is dispersed in the aqueous sample using methyltrialkylammonium chloride. Compared with the conventional dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, the new extraction method has many advantages such as higher extraction efficiency, low cost, reduced environmental hazards, and consumption of less extracting solvent. A few microliters of chloroform containing an appropriate amount of methyltrialkylammonium chloride (mixture of C8-C10) was used to extract the analytes from water samples. The main parameters relevant to the extraction process (namely, type of surfactant, selection of extractant solvent, extractant volume, surfactant concentration, ionic strength, and extraction time) were investigated. The performed analytical procedure showed limits of detection ranging from 2.3 to 18 ng/L, and precision ranges from 0.6% to 2.0% (as intra-day relative standard deviation, RSD) and from 1.3% to 8.3% (as inter-day RSD) depending on the analyte. The method showed good linearity between 0.04 and 40 microg/L with squared correlation coefficients better than 0.9920. This newly established approach was successfully applied to spiked real water samples.