Abstract
Rice bran, a by-product of the rice milling process, has emerged as a functional food and being used in formulation of healthy food and drinks. However, rice bran is often contaminated with numerous mycotoxins. In this study, a method to simultaneous detection of aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2), ochratoxin A (OTA), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisins (FB1 and FB2), sterigmatocystin (STG), T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) and zearalenone (ZEA) in rice bran was developed, optimized and validated using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In DLLME, using a solvent mixture of methanol/water (80:20, v/v) as the dispersive solvent and chloroform as the extraction solvent with the addition of 5% salt improved the extraction recoveries (63–120%). The developed method was further optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM) combined with Box–Behnken Design (BBD). Under the optimized experimental conditions, good linearity was obtained with a correlation coefficient (r2) ≥ 0.990 and a limit of detection (LOD) between 0.5 to 50 ng g−1. The recoveries ranged from 70.2% to 99.4% with an RSD below 1.28%. The proposed method was successfully applied to analyze multi-mycotoxin in 24 rice bran samples.
Highlights
The mass spectrometry (MS) method development was conducted via the introduction of target analytes into the mass spectrometry system by direct infusion of the standard solutions
Previous studies have demonstrated that most mycotoxins are likely to produce
This paper describes a simple and fast method with which to detect multi-mycotoxin in rice bran using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) as the sample extraction, the selection of different disperser solvent, extraction solvent and the effect of salt addition prior to analysis by LC-MS/MS
Summary
In Asia, more than 600 million tonnes of rice and 124 million tonnes of rice by-products are produced annually [1]. Rice bran is generally used as an ingredient in poultry feeds, as it contains 12–22% oil, 11–17% protein, 6–14% fibre, 10–15% moisture, and 8–17% ash [2]. Rice bran is rich in vitamins, minerals and bioactive components, contributing to health benefits for humans, and is considered as a functional food [3,4]. Rice bran is often susceptible to mycotoxin contamination due to the growth of toxin-producing fungi at the aleurone layer, which may contain a large population of Aspergillus flavus [5]. Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium were among the listed fungal genera which are responsible for mycotoxin contamination in rice and rice by-products [6].
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