Abstract
This study investigates Smart Grid Optimised Buildings (SGOBs) which can respond to real-time electricity prices by utilising battery storage systems (BSS). Different building design characteristics are assessed to evaluate the impact on energy use, the interaction with the battery, and potential for peak load shifting. Two extreme cases based on minimum and maximum annual energy consumption were selected for further investigation to assess their capability of utilising BSS to perform arbitrage, under real-time pricing. Three operational dispatch strategies were modelled to allow buildings to provide such services. The most energy-efficient building was capable of shifting a higher percentage of its peak loads and export more electricity, when this is allowed. When using the biggest battery (220 kWh) to only meet the building loads, the energy-efficient building was able to shift 39.68% of its original peak loads in comparison to the 33.95% of the least efficient building. With exports allowed, the shifting percentages went down to 31.76% and 29.46%, respectively, while exports of 18.08 and 16.34 kWh/m2 took place. The formation of a regulatory framework is vital in order to establish proper motives for buildings to undertake an active role in the smart grid.
Highlights
The building sector is responsible for a significant percentage of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, worldwide [1]
Electricity loads for room equipment, auxiliary energy and domestic hot water (DHW) are equal for all building scenarios as they are based on the same assumptions and occupant needs
Compliant buildings compared to best practice due to the higher U-Values and infiltration
Summary
The building sector is responsible for a significant percentage of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, worldwide [1] When it comes to the sector’s electricity needs, the electricity demand is expected to increase in the future depending on many parameters, including the extent of electrification of space heating in buildings, utilisation of heat pumps and electric vehicles. Because of the stochastic nature of RES and the uncertainty around their output characteristics, the grid operators are not able to control that energy output; scheduling and distributing their energy is not as flexible as with the traditional electric generators such as thermal power plants and hydropower This effect has the potential to introduce frequency and voltage fluctuations which can affect the balance and the stability of the network [4]. Mechanisms that will provide temporal flexibility through peak demand management are urgently needed for the future operation of the electricity network
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