Disparities in the excess risk of mortality in the first wave of COVID-19: Cross sectional study of the English sentinel network

Abstract

ObjectivesFew studies report contributors to the excess mortality in England during the first wave of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. We report the absolute excess risk (AER) of mortality and excess mortality rate (EMR) from a nationally representative COVID-19 sentinel surveillance network including known COVID-19 risk factors in people aged 45 years and above. MethodsPseudonymised, coded clinical data were uploaded from contributing primary care providers (N = 1,970,314, ≥45years). We calculated the AER in mortality by comparing mortality for weeks 2 to 20 this year with mortality data from the Office for National Statistics (ONS) from 2018 for the same weeks. We conducted univariate and multivariate analysis including preselected variables. We report AER and EMR, with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). ResultsThe AER of mortality was 197.8/10,000 person years (95%CI:194.30–201.40). The EMR for male gender, compared with female, was 1.4 (95%CI:1.35–1.44, p<0.00); for our oldest age band (≥75 years) 10.09 (95%CI:9.46–10.75, p<0.00) compared to 45–64 year olds; Black ethnicity's EMR was 1.17 (95%CI: 1.03–1.33, p<0.02), reference white; and for dwellings with ≥9 occupants 8.01 (95%CI: 9.46–10.75, p<0.00). Presence of all included comorbidities significantly increased EMR. Ranked from lowest to highest these were: hypertension, chronic kidney disease, chronic respiratory and heart disease, and cancer or immunocompromised. ConclusionsThe absolute excess mortality was approximately 2 deaths per 100 person years in the first wave of COVID-19. More personalised shielding advice for any second wave should include ethnicity, comorbidity and household size as predictors of risk.