Abstract
Social determinants such as race, ethnicity, age, gender, and class are well-known predictors and indicators of overall health status (N Engl J Med 344:1471–1473, 2001; Med Care Res Rev 57:85–107, 2000; Cancer 91:205–207, 2001; Med Care Res Rev 57:108–145, 2000; Med Care Res Rev 57:218–235, 2000). Differences and disparities in health status and health care based upon social determinants persist. Altogether the scientific progress and advances in technology that have yielded increased longevity for Caucasian-Americans have not universally been translated into improvements in health and well-being, and quality of life for all Americans (especially racial and ethnic minority Americans) (JAMA 283:2579–2584, 2000; Health Services Res 30:237–252, 1995). More specifically, racial and ethnic minority and low-income people have increased morbidity and decreased longevity when compared to Caucasian-Americans. The overall physical, social, and emotional health for racial and ethnic minority Americans is consistently less than that of Caucasian-Americans even when their access to health care and health insurance coverage is similar. The goal of this chapter is to provide information on health and pain care disparities.
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