Abstract
This paper presents a comprehensive and critical comparison of 10 disinfection methods of swimming pool water: chlorination, electrochemically generated mixed oxidants (EGMO), ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, UV/chlorine, UV/hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), UV/H2O2/chlorine, ozone (O3)/chlorine, O3/H2O2/chlorine, O3/UV and O3/UV/chlorine for the formation, control and elimination of potentially toxic disinfection byproducts (DBPs): trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), haloacetonitriles (HANs), trihaloacetaldehydes (THAs) and chloramines (CAMs). The statistical comparison is carried out using data on 32 swimming pools accumulated from the reviewed studies. The results indicate that O3/UV and O3/UV/chlorine are the most promising methods, as the concentration of the studied DBPs (THMs and HANs) with these methods was reduced considerably compared with chlorination, EGMO, UV irradiation, UV/chlorine and O3/chlorine. However, the concentration of the studied DBPs including HAAs and CAMs remained much higher with O3/chlorine compared with the limits set by the WHO for drinking water quality. Moreover, the enhancement in the formation of THMs, HANs and CH with UV/chlorine compared with UV irradiation and the increase in the level of HANs with O3/UV/chlorine compared with O3/UV indicate the complexity of the combined processes, which should be optimized to control the toxicity and improve the quality of swimming pool water.
Highlights
Chlorination methods for the disinfection of swimming pool water lead to the formation of potentially toxic disinfection byproducts (DBPs) such as trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), haloacetonitriles (HANs), trihaloacetaldehyde (THAs) and chloramines (CAMs)
The high levels of brominated THMs are attributed to the presence of Br− from NaCl salt used in the Electrochemically generated mixed oxidants (EGMO) process, which is mostly from seawater and contains Br−
Increased with Ultraviolet irradiation (UV)/chlorine compared with chlorination that increased further with increasing the dose of UV irradiation [10]
Summary
The main objective of this paper is to study the effects of different disinfection methods on the formation, control and elimination of DBPs, and to evaluate the differences between distinct methods
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