Abstract
Compound extremes exhibit greater adverse impacts than their univariate counterparts. Studies have reported changes in frequency and the spatial extent of extremes in India; however, investigation of compound extremes is in the infancy state. This study investigates the historical variation of compound dry and hot extremes (CDHE) and compound wet and cold extremes (CWCE) during the Indian summer monsoon period from 1951 to 2019 using monthly data. Results are analyzed for 10 identified homogeneous regions for India. Our results unravelled that CDHE (CWCE) frequency has increased (decreased) by 1–3 events per decade for the recent period (1977–2019) relative to the base period (1951–1976). Overall, the increasing (decreasing) pattern of CDHE (CWCE) is high across North-central India, Western India, North-eastern India and South-eastern coastlines. Our findings help in identification of the parts of the country affected by frequent and widespread CDHE during the recent period, which is alarming. More detailed assessments are required to disentangle the complex physical process of compound extremes to improve risk management options.
Highlights
Compound extremes exhibit greater adverse impacts than their univariate counterparts
We investigated the regional changes in the frequency and spatial extent of compound dry and hot extremes (CDHE) and compound wet and cold extremes (CWCE) during Indian summer monsoon (ISM)
The ten homogenous regions derived from multi-scale standardized variability index and self-organizing map are considered from our previous s tudy[31] to characterize the CDHE (CWCE) patterns at a regional scale
Summary
Compound extremes exhibit greater adverse impacts than their univariate counterparts. The frequency and spatial extent of weather and climate extremes, such as droughts, floods, heatwaves, and cold waves, are changing due to increased global mean temperatures, land surface feedback, ocean-atmospheric coupling, land-use change, cloud cover and aerosol feedbacks on regional climates[1,2]. These global changes have a significant adverse impact on the economy, eco-hydrological systems, agriculture, and population[3,4,5]. Precipitation deficit (excess) coincides with the high (low) temperature during the summer season
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