Abstract
Copyright protection of depth image-based rendering (DIBR) 3D videos is crucial due to the popularity of these videos. Despite the success of recent watermarking schemes, it is still challenging to ensure the robustness against strong geometric attacks when both lossless quality and distinguishability of protected videos are required. In this paper, we pro-pose a novel zero-watermarking scheme to improve the performance under strong geometric attacks when satisfying the other two requirements. In our scheme, CT-SVD-based features are extracted to ensure both distinguishability and robustness against signal processing and DIBR conversion at-tacks, while a SIFT-based rectication mechanism is designed to resist geometric attacks. Further, an attention-based fusion strategy is proposed to complement the robustness of rectied and unrectied CT-SVD features. Experimental results demonstrate that our scheme outperforms the existing zero-watermarking schemes in terms of distinguishability and robustness against strong geometric attacks such as rotation, cyclic translation and shearing.
Highlights
Three-dimensional (3D) videos provide better immersive experiences to viewers than traditional 2D videos, they have been becoming more and more popular in entertainments [1, 2, 3]
Many digital watermarking schemes are exclusively designed for depth image-based rendering (DIBR) 3D videos, which can be categorized into three main classes based on their embedding strategies: (1) 2D-frame-based watermarking schemes exploit the DIBR invariant characteristics of 2D frames for watermark embedding [4, 5, 6, 7, 8]; (2) depth-map-based watermarking schemes embed watermark into depth maps based on unseen visible or reversible watermarking [9, 10, 11]; and (3) zero-watermarking schemes utilize the relationship between 3D video features and the watermark information for the copyright identification without direct watermark embedding [12, 13, 14, 15]
In this paper, we propose an innovative zero-watermarking scheme based on contourlet transform (CT)-Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) features and scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT)-based rectification for protecting DIBR 3D videos
Summary
Three-dimensional (3D) videos provide better immersive experiences to viewers than traditional 2D videos, they have been becoming more and more popular in entertainments [1, 2, 3]. The lossless zero-watermarking outperforms the other two categories of schemes in terms of both video quality and watermark robustness, none of the state-of-theart zero-watermarking schemes ensures sufficient robustness against strong geometric attacks, such as rotation, cyclictranslation and shearing while achieving the distinguishability at the same time. To address this challenge, in this paper, we propose an innovative zero-watermarking scheme based on contourlet transform (CT)-Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) features and scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT)-based rectification for protecting DIBR 3D videos.
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