Abstract
With the increase in soybean trade between countries, the intentional mislabeling of the origin of soybeans has become a serious problem worldwide. In this study, metabolic profiling of soybeans from the Republic of Korea and China was performed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy coupled with multivariate statistical analysis to predict the geographical origin of soybeans. The optimal orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) model was obtained using total area normalization and unit variance (UV) scaling, without applying the variable influences on projection (VIP) cut-off value, resulting in 96.9% sensitivity, 94.4% specificity, and 95.6% accuracy in the leave-one-out cross validation (LOO-CV) test for discriminating between Korean and Chinese soybeans. Soybeans from the northeastern, middle, and southern regions of China were successfully differentiated by standardized area normalization and UV scaling with a VIP cut-off value of 1.0, resulting in 100% sensitivity, 91.7%–100% specificity, and 94.4%–100% accuracy in a LOO-CV test. The methods employed in this study can be used to obtain essential information for the authentication of soybean samples from diverse geographical locations in future studies.
Highlights
IntroductionSoybean contains 40% protein; it is a common, rich and accessible protein source
We previously reported the classification of soybeans from Korea and China using Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy [59]
nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy coupled with multivariate statistical analysis was employed to differentiate the geographical origin of soybeans
Summary
Soybean contains 40% protein; it is a common, rich and accessible protein source It is rich in soluble sugars/dietary fiber (35%) and oil (20%), 85% of which is cholesterol-free, and contains both monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids [2]. With the increase in international agricultural trade and consumer demand for safe and high-quality food, identifying the geographical origin of agricultural products has increased in importance. Regarding the nutritional properties of soybeans, previous studies have shown that the levels of primary and secondary metabolites such as soybean sugars, proteins, fatty acids, and phytochemicals differ depending on the geographical origin [6,7]. Different soybean processing technologies are required depending on the soybean origin because the content of useful nutrients or anti-nutritional factors (trypsin inhibitors) varies. It is necessary to develop a method for determining the geographical origin of soybeans that can solve the problem of intentionally mislabeling the origin of soybeans, which has disrupted the soybean distribution system and created confusion among consumers
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