Discrimination of native and exotic forest patterns through shape irregularity indices: An analysis in the landscapes of Galicia, Spain

Abstract

Landscapes resulting from human activity may be expected to present simpler shapes than more natural landscapes. In the case of forest landscapes, the boundaries of native forest patches may be more irregular than those of exotic forest plantations. There is however a lack of quantitative results to this respect, and it is not clear which shape indices are more adequate for such discrimination. In this study, we analysed the shape of a large number of forest classes in the region of Galicia (Spain) using the Spanish Forest Map at a scale 1:50 000 as the spatial information source. We considered a set of fifteen shape irregularity indices including those that have been commonly used in landscape ecology studies. We found systematic differences in the shape of the analysed forest classes, with native forests presenting both more complex and elongated boundaries than exotic forests. We suggest that these differences are due to the combined effects of human action and other topographical and hydrological factors. The only index that perfectly discriminated both types of forest was the mean circumscribing circle index. Other six indices provided also a significantly good discrimination: density of shape characteristic points, area-weighted mean perimeter-area ratio, area-weighted mean contiguity index, mean shape index, perimeter-area fractal dimension and mean largest axis index. Comparisons of pure and mixed forests with the same dominant species indicated that an increase in tree species richness is in general associated with more irregular boundaries in the forest. Discarding indices on the basis of a high statistical correlation may not be an adequate procedure to retain the best-performing indices. Finally, we discussed several limitations of some frequently used indices that may be relevant to prevent an improper characterization of landscape shape.