Discrimination of Cultivated Regions of Soybeans (Glycine max) Based on Multivariate Data Analysis of Volatile Metabolite Profiles.

So-Yeon Kim,Sang Mi Lee,Hyung-Kyoon Choi,Byeung Kon Shin,So Young Kim,Dong Jin Kang,Young-Suk Kim,Do Yup Lee

doi:10.3390/molecules25030763

So-Yeon Kim, Sang Mi Lee + Show 6 more

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https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25030763

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Abstract

Soybean (Glycine max) is a major crop cultivated in various regions and consumed globally. The formation of volatile compounds in soybeans is influenced by the cultivar as well as environmental factors, such as the climate and soil in the cultivation areas. This study used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) combined by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) to analyze the volatile compounds of soybeans cultivated in Korea, China, and North America. The multivariate data analysis of partial least square-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) were then applied to GC-MS data sets. The soybeans could be clearly discriminated according to their geographical origins on the PLS-DA score plot. In particular, 25 volatile compounds, including terpenes (limonene, myrcene), esters (ethyl hexanoate, butyl butanoate, butyl prop-2-enoate, butyl acetate, butyl propanoate), aldehydes (nonanal, heptanal, (E)-hex-2-enal, (E)-hept-2-enal, acetaldehyde) were main contributors to the discrimination of soybeans cultivated in China from those cultivated in other regions in the PLS-DA score plot. On the other hand, 15 volatile compounds, such as 2-ethylhexan-1-ol, 2,5-dimethylhexan-2-ol, octanal, and heptanal, were related to Korean soybeans located on the negative PLS 2 axis, whereas 12 volatile compounds, such as oct-1-en-3-ol, heptan-4-ol, butyl butanoate, and butyl acetate, were responsible for North American soybeans. However, the multivariate statistical analysis (PLS-DA) was not able to clearly distinguish soybeans cultivated in Korea, except for those from the Gyeonggi and Kyeongsangbuk provinces.

Highlights

Soybean (Glycine max) is among the most important crops in the world and is extensively used in the production of soybean flour, soybean milk, fermented products, and oil for consumption by both humans and animals, mainly due to its high protein and fat contents [1]
All of these volatile compounds were detected in the present study with the exception of maltol, which could have been due to the use of different extraction techniques [11]—the present study employed headspace extraction using solid-phase microextraction (SPME), which generally focuses on the detection of highly volatile compounds with low boiling points
This study applied gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-mass spectrometry (MS)) analysis combined with the multivariate statistical analysis to distinguish the geographical origins of soybeans

Summary

Introduction

Soybean (Glycine max) is among the most important crops in the world and is extensively used in the production of soybean flour, soybean milk, fermented products, and oil for consumption by both humans and animals, mainly due to its high protein and fat contents [1]. It is generally accepted that soybean cultivation originated in China, but nowadays, soybeans are produced worldwide, including in North America, South America, and Asia [1]. The importing and exporting of agricultural products. Molecules 2020, 25, 763 are increasing globally due to the expansion of the free-trade agreements. These circumstances have resulted in some foreign soybeans with unclear origins being distributed as domestic ones in Korea, which can lead to consumer distrust about the market [2]. Management Service in Korea introduced an agricultural food origin labeling system in 1991 to protect domestic agricultural producers and consumers [2]. Soybeans have been included in this system since

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