Abstract
Ginkgo biloba is a popular medicinal plant widely used in numerous herbal products, including food supplements. Due to its popularity and growing economic value, G. biloba leaf extract has become the target of economically motivated adulterations. There are many reports about the poor quality of ginkgo products and their adulteration, mainly by adding flavonols, flavonol glycosides, or extracts from other plants. In this work, we developed an approach using two-trace two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2T2D COS) in UV-Vis range combined with multilinear principal component analysis (MPCA) to detect potential adulteration of twenty G. biloba food supplements. UV-Vis spectral data are obtained for 80% methanol and aqueous extracts in the range of 245–410 nm. Three series of two-dimensional correlation spectra were interpreted by visual inspection and using MPCA. The proposed relatively quick and straightforward approach successfully differentiated supplements adulterated with rutin or those lacking ginkgo leaf extract. Supporting information about adulteration was obtained from the difference between the DPPH radical scavenging capacity of both extracts and from chromatographic (HPLC-DAD) fingerprints of methanolic samples.
Highlights
The medical use of Ginkgo biloba was first recorded in the 16th century, while in the 1960s, the effectiveness of ginkgo in peripheral circulatory disorders and cerebrovascular diseases was discovered [1]
Ginkgo biloba leaf extract is one of the commonly used herbal medicine that can be used in the treatment of many diseases, including cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease [2,3], tinnitus [4], retinal disease [5], diabetic nephropathy [6], ischemia cerebrovascular [7], and cardiovascular diseases [8]
All the commercial ginkgo leaf products should follow these standards, many economically motivated adulteration issues have been reported in food supplements containing Ginkgo biloba extract [11]
Summary
The medical use of Ginkgo biloba was first recorded in the 16th century, while in the 1960s, the effectiveness of ginkgo in peripheral circulatory disorders and cerebrovascular diseases was discovered [1]. All the commercial ginkgo leaf products should follow these standards, many economically motivated adulteration issues have been reported in food supplements containing Ginkgo biloba extract [11]. A reliable adulteration detection method is needed to ensure the high quality of food supplements containing Ginkgo biloba extract available on the market and eliminate products with undeclared components. The assessment of physical and chemical properties of samples with a complex chemical composition is undoubtedly one of the current chemical analysis challenges Chromatographic methods, such as HPLC, provide essential information about Ginkgo biloba leaf extract. These methods are relatively expensive, time-consuming, and require a long time to prepare the sample for analysis. The plant fingerprint approach could become a promising, expected, and powerful tool for quality assessment [14,15]
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