Discrimination and stigma

Abstract

AbstractDiscrimination and stigma operate as two distinct but concomitant phenomena and, as a result, affect attitudes, behaviours, and policies against underprivileged populations and often those with mental illnesses. Stigma has been defined as the ‘social devaluation’ of an individual or group. This is based on certain characteristics that such an individual or group is identified with and is an outcome of cognitive processes and negative attitudes that lead to rejecting behaviours at physical, social, or psychological levels. Stigma arises from the implicit belief and bias (conscious or unconscious) that individuals with certain undesired characteristics are inferior and therefore unworthy of equal treatment, respect, and dignity. Discrimination entails a range of behaviours, practices, laws, or policies that result in the marginalization of certain individuals or groups in society. It may manifest as unequal treatment, human rights violations, and social exclusion. Discrimination often can be tackled in law; therefore, it is important to understand the role of laws and policies in addressing discrimination. Persons with psychosocial disability are often discriminated against, do not have equal rights, and, in many countries, cannot marry, vote, make a will, or have employment rights. Preventing discrimination requires a range of anti-discrimination laws, policies, and decisions that address specific disadvantages and harms caused to such individuals. This needs a fundamental transformation of existing social structures and the removal of barriers to ensure that people with mental illnesses and consequent psychosocial disabilities have equal rights.