Discrimination and Characterization of Dark Chocolates Based on Polyphenolic Profiles by Liquid Chromatography with UV and Fluorescence Detection

Abstract

The popularity of dark chocolate has increased greatly in recent years not only because it is considered a delicacy, but also due to its high polyphenolic content that provides some interesting healthy properties, such as antioxidant and anti-carcinogenic activities. This work aims at characterizing and classifying dark chocolate samples based on their geographical origin, cocoa variety and cocoa content using their alkaloid and polyphenolic composition as the data. In the study, 42 chocolate samples from four different bean varieties (Criollo, Forastero, Nacional and Trinitario) and 3 different geographical origins (Africa, America and Asia) were analysed in triplicate. Samples were first defatted with chloroform, and the resulting residues, containing the polyphenolic species, were further extracted with a methanol/water 60:40 (v:v) solution. The resulting extracts were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV and fluorescence detection (HPLC-UV-FLD). Compounds were separated on a C18 reversed-phase column with an elution gradient using 0.1% aqueous formic acid solution and acetonitrile as the mobile phase components. Chromatograms were acquired at 280 nm, 325 nm and 370 nm in UV, and at 280/330 nm as the excitation/emission wavelengths in FLD. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were used as exploratory and classification methods, respectively, relying on compositional profiles as the potential descriptors of chocolate features. Classification and discrimination of the chocolates were achieved based on their variety, origin and cocoa content. Results suggested that African samples are characterized by the abundance of flavanols, while American samples are richer in alkaloids. Regarding cocoa varieties, (−)-epicatechin, (+)-catechin and procyanidins B2 and C1 are more abundant in Forastero and Nacional derived chocolates, caffeine and theobromine in Criollo, and Trinitario is characterized by the high levels of flavanols and poor (+)-catechin content (see figure in the poster).