Abstract

Multiple factors potentially affect nestling survival and maternal reproductive success. However, little is known about the relative importance of different factors when operating simultaneously or whether the same factors are important for nestlings and their mothers. We determined the effect of hatching asynchrony, individual egg size, mean egg size, nestling sex, and clutch initiation date on the survival of individual nestlings and on maternal reproductive success in Common Grackles (Quiscalus quiscula) from 2004 to 2006 in central Illinois. Factors most important to maternal success differed from those important for individual nestling growth and survival. Hatching asynchrony had the greatest within-nest influence on the fate of nestlings; the earlier a nestling hatched relative to siblings, the greater its mass and likelihood of fledging. Clutch size had the greatest influence on maternal reproductive success, with females with larger clutches fledging more young. Thus, both nestling survival and maternal success were largely determined by a single, albeit different, factor. A possible explanation for the apparent unimportance of most factors we measured in determining maternal success is that we did not consider variation among females. Individual variation in maternal attributes such as condition, size, age, experience, or mate quality may result in females tailoring clutch attributes (i.e., egg size, sex, and degree of hatching asynchrony) in ways that allow them to maximize their reproductive success. The discordance between factors that benefited mothers versus their offspring illustrates the importance of considering the maternal consequences of any factor that appears to affect offspring survival. Factors that increase the mass and survival of some offspring may not result in increased maternal reproductive success. RESUMEN Potencialmente, muchos factores afectan la sobrevivencia de los pichones y el exito reproductivo maternal. Sin embargo, se sabe poco sobre la importancia relativa de diferentes factores que operan simultaneamente o si algunos factores, en particular, son importantes para los pichones y sus madres. Determinamos el efecto del eclosionamiento asincronico, tamano de los huevos, tamano promedio de los huevos, sexo del pichon e iniciacion de la camada en la sobrevivencia individual de pichones y en el exito reproductivo de las hembras de Quiscalus quiscula, en trabajo que se llevo a cabo en la parte central de Illinois de 2004 al 2006. Los factores mayor importancia para el exito de las madres difirieron de los factores mas importantes para el crecimiento y sobrevivencia de pichones particulares. La asincronia en el eclosionamiento tuvo la mayor influencia en el destino del pichon; entre mas temprano nace el pichon, en relacion a sus hermanos, mayor su masa corporal y probabilidad de volar. El tamano de la camada tuvo el mayor impacto en el exito reproductivo de las madres, produciendo mas volantones aquellas madres con camadas de mayor tamano. Por tanto, ambos, la sobrevivencia de los pichones y el exito maternal fueron mayormente determinados por un solo factor, pero diferente. Una posible explicacion para la aparente poca importancia de muchos otros factores, que medimos para determinar el exito maternal, es que no consideramos variaciones entre hembras. La variacion individual en atributos maternos tales como su condicion, tamano, edad, experiencia o calidad de su pareja pudieran permitir que la hembra atempere particularidades de la camada (ej. tamano del huevo, sexo, y grado de asincronia en el eclosionamiento), que a su efecto le permita maximizar su exito reproductivo. La discordancia entre factores que benefician a la madre versus sus hijos ilustra la importancia de considerar las consecuencias maternales de cualquier factor que parezca afectar la sobrevivencia de los pichones. Factores que incrementan la masa corporal y sobrevivencia de los pichones, no necesariamente resultan en un incremento en el exito maternal.

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