Discovery of some vanadium and nickel minerals from anthraxolite and discussion of their origin

Abstract

By means of optical identification, Seanning Electron Microscopic analysis, etc., finegranular dispersed millerite, violarite, karelianite and montroseite were discovered for thefirst time from anthraxolites at Shanglin and Hechi in Zhuang Autonomous Region ofGungxi. Based on the occurrence and texture of anthraxolites, we propose that they along withthe vanadium and nickel content must have been derived from the black carbonaceous andcalcareous shale and marl of mid-Devonian system and that these minerals may have beenproduced by thermal metamorphism from crude oil and bitumen containing metallo-organiccompounds, such as vanadium and nickel porphyrins at the late stage of oil-gas evolution.