Abstract
Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder which leads to high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most common form of diabetes and results from the body’s ineffective use of insulin. Over ten dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitory drugs have been developed and marketed around the world in the past decade. However, owing to the reported adverse effects of the synthetic DPP-IV inhibitors, attempts have been made to find DPP-IV inhibitors from natural sources. Food-derived components, such as protein hydrolysates (peptides), have been suggested as potential DPP-IV inhibitors which can help manage blood glucose levels. This review focuses on the methods of discovery of food-derived DPP-IV inhibitory peptides, including fractionation and purification approaches, in silico analysis methods, in vivo studies, and the bioavailability of these food-derived peptides. Moreover, food-derived DPP-IV inhibitory peptides discovered during this decade are listed and distributed in a 3D scatter plot graph based on their IC50, molecular weight, and grand average of hydropathicity values, which can help us to understand the relationship between the features of the peptides and their activities.
Highlights
Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder which leads to high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period
The purpose of this review is to describe the discovery of food-derived dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitory peptides, and to provide information on their use in glycemic management and blood glucose regulation
Membrane ultrafiltration provides an approach to fractionate mixtures of peptides according to their different molecular sizes using standard molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) membranes; this technique has been applied to the fractionation and purification of food protein-derived antihypertensive peptides [58]
Summary
Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder which leads to high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period. In 2006 Sitagliptin was the first gliptin to be approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration [18], and new members continue to be approved, such as Vildagliptin, Saxagliptin, Linagliptin, Gemigliptin, Anagliptin, Teneligliptin, Alogliptin, Trelagliptin, Omarigliptin, Evogliptin, and Gosogliptin [16] These synthetic DPP-IV inhibitors are reported to have some adverse effects [19], such as gastrointestinal adverse effects [20], allergic reactions [21], skin-related side effects [22], and musculoskeletal disorders [23]. Various foods, including milk, fish, wheat gluten, beans, egg, and bivalve mollusks, are natural protein sources; after enzymatic hydrolysis, microbial fermentation, decoction, or some other physical and/or chemical processing, their proteins may be degraded and release various DPP-IV inhibitory peptides [27,28,29,30,31,32].
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