Abstract
Titanium (Ti), aluminum (Al), and boron (B) reactive mixed-metal nanopowders (Ti-Al-B RMNPs) represent attractive additives to hydrocarbon fuels such as exo-tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene (C10H16; JP-10) enhancing the limited volumetric energy densities of traditional hydrocarbons, but fundamental mechanisms and combustion stages in the oxidation have been obscure. This understanding is of vital significance in the development of next-generation propulsion systems and energy-generation technologies. Here, we expose distinct oxidation stages of single droplets of JP-10 doped with Ti-Al-B-RMNP exploiting innovative ultrasonic levitator technology coupled with time-resolved spectroscopic (UV-vis) and imaging diagnostics (optical and infrared). Two spatially and temporally distinct stages of combustion define a glow flame stage in which JP-10 and nanoparticles combust via a homogeneous gas phase (Al) and heterogeneous gas-surface oxidation (Ti, B) and a slower diffusion flame stage associated with the oxidation of JP-10. These findings enable the development of next-generation RMNP fuel additives with superior payload delivery capabilities.
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