Abstract
A new species of Lymanopoda Westwood, a cloud forest Neotropical genus of Satyrinae, is described from the paramo grasslands on an isolated, peripheral massif in the Colombian Central Cordillera of the Andes: L. flammigera Pyrcz, Prieto & Boyer, sp. n. The genus Lymanopoda is species-rich (approx. 65 species) and its alpha taxonomy is relatively well researched. Relationships within the genus using molecular data have also been explored. The new species is outstanding for its golden yellow colour in males, not found in any other neotropical Satyrinae. Cladograms were constructed based on COI sequences of 47 species of Lymanopoda (~ 70% of the known species) including 17 from Colombia. The new species segregates in the tolima clade, which comprises four other high altitude Colombian species, as well as two from Ecuador. However, it is the comparative analysis of male genitalia, in particular the superuncus and valvae, which identified its closest relatives, thus confirming that genital characters can help refine molecular phylogenies. In addition to identifying species using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA barcodes), nucleotide sites with unique fixed states used to identify nine species of Lymanopoda from Colombia are also presented.
Highlights
Colour patterns of butterfly wings are among the most outstanding expressions of evolution
The new species is outstanding for its golden yellow colour in males, not found in any other neotropical Satyrinae
The new species segregates in the “tolima” clade, which comprises four other high altitude Colombian species, as well as two from Ecuador
Summary
Colour patterns of butterfly wings are among the most outstanding expressions of evolution. Among the few Satyrinae genera with species bearing conspicuous wing patches is the neotropical montane Lymanopoda Westwood. This genus can be considered as one of the best known among South American Satyrinae and there are a number of papers published, especially in the last two decades, on their taxonomy and distribution (Pyrcz, 1999, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2012; Pyrcz & Boyer, 2011; Pyrcz & Rodríguez, 2006; Pyrcz et al, 1999, 2009a, b, 2010, 2016), phylogenetics (Casner & Pyrcz, 2010; Marín et al, 2016), ecology (Pyrcz & Wojtusiak, 2002; Pyrcz & Garlacz, 2012) and biology (Montero & Ortíz, 2012).
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