Abstract

Paramyxoviruses are a group of RNA viruses, such as mumps virus, measles virus, Nipah virus, Hendra virus, Newcastle disease virus, and parainfluenza virus, usually transmitted by airborne droplets that are predominantly responsible for acute respiratory diseases. In this paper, we identified a novel paramyxovirus belonging to genus Jeilongvirus infecting 4/112 (3.6%) bats from two trapping sites of Hainan Province of China. In these animals, the viral RNA was detected exclusively in kidney tissues. This is the first full-length Jeilongvirus genome (18,095 nucleotides) from bats of genus Hipposideros, which exhibits a canonical genome organization and encodes SH and TM proteins. Results, based on phylogenic analysis and genetic distances, indicate that the novel paramyxovirus formed an independent lineage belonging to genus Jeilongvirus, representing, thus, a novel species. In addition, the virus-host macro-evolutionary analysis revealed that host-switching was not only a common co-phylogenetic event, but also a potential mechanism by which rats are infected by bat-origin Jeilongvirus through cross-species virus transmission, indicating a bat origin of the genus Jeilongvirus. Overall, our study broadens the viral diversity, geographical distribution, host range, and evolution of genus Jeilongvirus.

Highlights

  • Most orthoparamyxoviruses are known to cause diseases in their respective hosts with several of them known as zoonotic pathogens [1]

  • The bat species were identified based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Sanger sequencing, using primers targeting for NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (ND1) gene [16]

  • 207 bp, respectively) belonged to paramyxovirus, we designed primers based on these contigs to screen this virus in each sample, which revealed that the viral RNA was detected in four (4/112, 3.6%) samples and the sequencing results from the four samples shared 100% similarity

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Summary

Introduction

Most orthoparamyxoviruses are known to cause diseases in their respective hosts with several of them known as zoonotic pathogens [1]. Emerging outbreaks of several zoonotic paramyxoviruses, such as measles virus, Nipah virus, mumps virus, and Hendra virus, have caused severe diseases and high fatality rates in humans [2]. It is important to notice that the Paramyxoviridae is a family of negative-sense, non-segmented, large-enveloped RNA viruses consisting of 17 genera within four subfamilies [3,4,5]. Jeilongvirus, belonging to the subfamily Orthoparamyxovirinae within family Paramyxoviridae, is a newly established genus in 2020, and it currently includes seven species with accessory. The majority of the bat paramyxovirus species are identified in bats within the suborder Megachiroptera (large Old World fruit bats) and in Eurasian bats [9,10,11].

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