Abstract
Clinical and radiographic examination alone may be insufficient to confirm pain sources of the intervertebral disc, which is a common source of chronic axial pain. Precise controlled discography procedures may provide diagnostic confirmation that a specific intervertebral disc is responsible for the patient's axial spine pain. Lumbar discography has been widely used for evaluating discogenic LBP. An important recent advance in discography was the introduction of pressure-controlled manometric discography, permitting control of intra-discal pressure and the injection speed of contrast dye. Using pressure-controlled manometric discography and precise criteria for positive discography ( e.g. , reproducible VAS pain over 6/10 with psi intradiscal pressure and
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