Abstract

Abstract Discharge capacities in glucose and saccharides/KOH fuel cells using PEDOT:PSS, PtRu and SWCNT composite anode revealed more than 12e− transfer for the electrooxidations. The gluconic acid (reaction product of glucose) fuel cell showed the power density 15 mW cm−2 being a half of the glucose, and 10e− transfer. These results indicated the multi-electron cascade oxidation of glucose via gluconic acid. The energy density of glucose was 803 Wh kg−1, corresponding to 18% of the theoretical 24e− oxidation.

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