Abstract
The 1992 Erzincan earthquake was the first event for which the Turkish government approached the World Bank and asked for a loan for the recovery process. This long-term, low-interest credit loan borrowing from a multilateral institution was extended to flood recovery after the devastating 1998 Western Black Sea flood. History repeated itself in 2021 in the Western Black Sea region with a severe flood occurrence. Following the devastating impact of the 1999 Marmara earthquake, there was a paradigm shift from disaster management to disaster risk management in Turkey. There have been new laws introduced for disasters with amendments made in time with changing needs. The disaster risk management system was highly centralised and top-down, at least until 2009, when AFAD was established. Small-scale disasters have been responded to with local capacity at the provincial level. If there is a large-scale event to affect a wider region or the whole country, then the central AFAD has the role and responsibility to take action. Besides everything mentioned and discussed in this chapter, Turkey still lacks the most crucial key for successful and effective disaster risk management, which will build disaster-resilient communities and disaster-resilient country. That is ‘disaster risk governance’.
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